Blue in Munich
Crocked Professional Yeti Impersonator
You obviously can't know unless you cut them open but MyGolfSpy found out when doing their ball test.
Several balls, when hit by a robot, went far beyond the expected dispersion parameters.
They cut one open and found this.
The fact that Callaway have announced a $50 million investment in new ball making machinery and protocols indicates that they've accepted that they have a problem and are going to put it right.
There won't be huge numbers of bad balls out there but there will be a significant number
I pretty much guarantee you wouldn't sink many putts with a ball like the picture above.
Unless there is a substantial weight difference between the pink & the black substances, I doubt it'll make a lot of difference to putting. I'd imagine full shots would be very inconsistent though.