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The green is the early term for the whole playing area except for hazards. The expression through the green first appeared in 1783 in a code of rules from Aberdeen. The word is still reflected in greenkeeper and the title of the book referenced below.
[Source of information: The Rules of the Green by Kenneth G Chapman]
The area around the hole, also called the 'hole green' or 'table-land' in the 18th and 19th centuries, was not distinct from the rest of the course, nor specially prepared, At one point the putting area was just defined as within 20 yards of the hole.
Clubs often misname the relevant committee as the 'Greens Committee' when it would be more accurate to call them the 'Course Committee'.
'Green Committee' may suggest they weren't responsible for the hazards
Yes and your own tee, and there is next to no mention of "fairway" "rough" "semi-rough" "fringe" etc. Even "teeing ground" is only the 2 club length long box and not the whole mown area.
(I think) only the definition of "closely mown area" references "fairway".